R Cointegration Johansen Method
Johansen’s method of ML estimation of cointegrated variables:
Assume the rank model (slightly different from Error Correction Model):
From package urca:
x <- ts(diffinv(matrix(rnorm(2000),1000,2))) # no cointegration
adf.test(x[,1])
Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test
data: x[, 1]
Dickey-Fuller = -2.8452, Lag order = 9, p-value = 0.2205 # fail to reject null hypothesis that x[,1] is stationary; i.e. x[,1] is non-stationary
alternative hypothesis: stationary
Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test
data: x[, 2]
Dickey-Fuller = -2.3174, Lag order = 9, p-value = 0.444
alternative hypothesis: stationary
So x[,1] and x[,2] both have unit roots
summary(lm(x[,1] ~ x[,2]))
Call:
lm(formula = x[, 1] ~ x[, 2])
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-33.113 -9.985 1.864 9.154 26.183
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -8.91962 0.89654 -9.949 < 2e-16 ***
x[, 2] 0.25553 0.03756 6.803 1.76e-11 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 $-1òø***òù 0.001 òø**òù 0.01 òø*òù 0.05 òø.òù 0.1 òø òù 1
Residual standard error: 12.54 on 999 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.04428, Adjusted R-squared: 0.04332
F-statistic: 46.28 on 1 and 999 DF, p-value: 1.759e-11
summary(ca.jo(x))
######################
# Johansen-Procedure #
######################
Test type: maximal eigenvalue statistic (lambda max) , with linear trend
Eigenvalues (lambda):
[1] 0.012383727 0.002369522
Values of teststatistic and critical values of test:
test 10pct 5pct 1pct
r r = 0 | 12.45 12.91 14.90 19.19
Eigenvectors, normalised to first column:
(These are the cointegration relations)
Series.1.l2 Series.2.l2
Series.1.l2 1.0000000 1.0000000
Series.2.l2 -0.4589628 0.4131471
Weights W:
(This is the loading matrix)
Series.1.l2 Series.2.l2
Series.1.d -0.007543197 -0.004558537
Series.2.d 0.010349953 -0.003509216
Analysis on cointegrated data series
> x <- diffinv(rnorm(1000))
> y <- 2.0-3.0*x+rnorm(x,sd=5)
> z <- ts(cbind(x,y)) # cointegrated
adf.test(z[,1])
Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test
data: z[, 1]
Dickey-Fuller = -2.278, Lag order = 9, p-value = 0.4606<- Fail to reject null hypothesis that z[,1] has a unit root
alternative hypothesis: stationary
adf.test(z[,2])
Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test
data: z[, 2]
Dickey-Fuller = -2.1756, Lag order = 9, p-value = 0.504<- Fail to reject null hypothesis that z[,1] has a unit root
alternative hypothesis: stationary
summary(lm(z[,2]~z[,1]))
Call:
lm(formula = z[, 2] ~ z[, 1])
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-14.7541 -3.6144 0.2952 3.3238 15.9594
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 1.49289 0.28898 5.166 2.88e-07 ***
z[, 1] -2.95955 0.02649 -111.707 < 2e-16 *** <- this regression is correct, but it could be spurious, like above!
—
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ‘ 1
Residual standard error: 4.912 on 999 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.9259, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9258
F-statistic: 1.248e+04 on 1 and 999 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
> testyes <- ca.jo(z)
> summary(testyes)
######################
# Johansen-Procedure #
######################
Test type: maximal eigenvalue statistic (lambda max) , with linear trend
Eigenvalues (lambda):
[1] 0.316635270 0.004815587
Values of teststatistic and critical values of test:
test 10pct 5pct 1pct
r <= 1 | 4.82 6.50 8.18 11.65 <- Accept null hypothesis that r <= 1; since r != 0, r = 1
r = 0 | 380.35 12.91 14.90 19.19 <- Definitely reject null hypothesis that r = 0
Eigenvectors, normalised to first column:
(These are the cointegration relations)
x.l2 y.l2
x.l2 1.000000 1.000000000
y.l2 0.338318 -0.002723256
Weights W:
(This is the loading matrix)
x.l2 y.l2
x.d -0.00931742 -0.01223872
y.d -2.79267081 0.03848098
# t(Beta) %*% z is trend stationary:
kpss.test(z %*% testyes@V[,1], “Trend”)
KPSS Test for Trend Stationarity
data: z %*% testyes@V[, 1]
KPSS Trend = 0.0499, Truncation lag parameter = 7, p-value = 0.1 <- Fail to reject null hypothesis that z %*% testyes@V[, 1] is trend stationary
Warning message:
In kpss.test(z %*% testyes@V[, 1], “Trend”) :
p-value greater than printed p-value
# PI using just 1st eigenvector (only first is significant):
testyes@W[,1] %*% t(testyes@V[,1])
x.l2 y.l2
[1,] -0.00931742 -0.003152251
[2,] -2.79267081 -0.944810826
# looking at first eigenvector (cointegrating matrix, since r =1),we see the 3:1 ratio between x and y:
> testyes@V[,1]
x.l2 y.l2
1.000000 0.338318
so 1.000000 * x_t + 0.338318 * y_t = u_t
where u_t is trend stationary
In this case,we get
y_t = -(1/0.338318) * x_t + u_t,
y_t = -2.955799 * x_t + u_t,
which is very close to generating formula:
y_t = -3.0 * x_t + 2 + e_t
And looking at GAMMA we see the intercepts:
testyes@GAMMA
constant x.dl1 y.dl1
x.d 0.1105044 -0.06585214 -0.004777821
y.d 1.0494639 -2.97460892 -0.973192833
Note that the y intercept should be 2, and when we run with a larger number of data points (10,000) that number gets better:
constant x.dl1 y.dl1
x.d -0.006742906 0.01035171 0.001922519
y.d 2.076755784 -3.12882828 -1.023600506
R Cointegration
From package tseries:
from po.test help:
x <- ts(diffinv(matrix(rnorm(2000),1000,2)))
po.test(x)
Phillips-Ouliaris Cointegration Test
data: x
Phillips-Ouliaris demeaned = -13.5288, Truncation lag parameter = 10,
p-value = 0.15
Warning message:
In po.test(x) : p-value greater than printed p-value: Fail to reject null hypothesis that there is no cointegration, i.e., not cointegrated
x <- diffinv(rnorm(1000))
y <- 2.0-3.0*x+rnorm(x,sd=5)
z <- ts(cbind(x,y)) # cointegrated
po.test(z)
Phillips-Ouliaris Cointegration Test
data: z
Phillips-Ouliaris demeaned = -933.6705, Truncation lag parameter = 10,
p-value = 0.01
Warning message:
In po.test(z) : p-value smaller than printed p-value Reject null hypothesis that there is no cointegration, i.e., cointegrated
